Smart greenhouse control model based on internet of things technology

DOI: 10.31673/2412-9070.2026.017406

Abstract

Today, with the continuous growth of the world’s population, every country faces the challenge of timely supplying its people with high-quality fruits and vegetables. One of the key ways to achieve this goal is the development of greenhouse farming, which enables the cultivation of crops regardless of climate conditions. A crucial factor for the efficiency of greenhouses is precise microclimate control. Traditional control methods require constant human involvement and lead to significant resource consumption.
The purpose of this article is to develop a smart greenhouse control model based on Internet of Things (IoT) technology using an Arduino microcontroller, sensors, the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module, and the ThingSpeak cloud platform, which enables monitoring and remote control of microclimate parameters via mobile and web applications.
The article presents an analysis of modern approaches to greenhouse automation and substantiates the feasibility of applying IoT-based architecture for their modernization. A structural scheme of the system is proposed, which includes sensors for measuring temperature, humidity, light intensity, and CO₂ concentration, as well as actuators for irrigation, ventilation, heating, and lighting. The principles of integrating the system with the ThingSpeak cloud service are described, providing data visualization and analytics. Control algorithms based on threshold values and proportional–integral regulation are also discussed.
The proposed system is designed for the automation of existing greenhouses with the possibility of scaling, integration into a network, and the use of predictive algorithms. Future research is planned to implement machine learning methods for optimizing cultivation regimes and to explore the use of alternative energy sources to improve energy efficiency.

Keywords: automated control system; Internet of Things; Arduino; ThingSpeak; sensors; cloud computing; smart greenhouse.